Tax Office Operation Transformation Essay Example for Free

Tax Office Operation Transformation Essay Governments of developing countries are constantly scrambling to raise the revenues required to finance higher service demands expected by their citizens and the infrastructure (economic, social and environmental) that will enable them to grow the nation towards being industrialized. And to sustain the all imperative comparative advantage over neighbouring nations. Taxation revenues continue to be the main source of revenue for Government spending. This in turn requires well-designed tax policies (new taxes and tax reform) that are translated into clear legislation and are administratively feasible. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing these countries is to improve the effectiveness of their tax administrations.[1] Common Challenges Tax Administrations in developing country contend with the same range of challenges with developed nations, although the significance of typical collection issues may be greater. As a result these countries suffer significant losses in revenue collection. Introducing tax initiatives such as self-assessment and GST does alleviate the revenue leakages to certain extent, however the agencies capacity and capability to administer an effective and efficient taxation system is the ultimate determinant to maximizing collections. It has longed been realized that the existence of widespread tax evasion as part of the hidden economy is a critical concern to developing countries, as it is with developed nations. Hidden income can be defined to include legitimate earnings which are hidden actively or passively to evade tax, as well as illegal earnings derived from non-lawful operations and services. Without trivializing the complexity in dealing with the later type of evasion, the taxpayer’s perception of the administration influences their obligation behaviour. It’s more so evident in developing countries where the administration may not be seen by taxpayers as service organization nor as an active enforcer. For example, common trends include: Â  Inability for taxpayers to get information from or transact with the agency, either low responsiveness, inconsistent advice, multiple hand-offs, huge queues at the service counters etc. Assessments and refunds taking months to process, often taking over six months to make a refund No urgency for Taxpayers to get registered, especially with small to medium enterprise and self-employed Lodgments and payments not pursued actively by the agency, often resulting in over 30% of non-filers Accumulating Debt not pursued in a timely manner by the Agency. Over the years can amount to considerable loss in non-recoverable debt (ie. timing issue). Low level of compliance actively, in terms of education and enforcement. Taxpayer being audited is seen as just bad luck. The Problem The common complaint of the developing country’s tax administration is the lack of resources. In terms of priority, these agencies are more focused on transaction processing activities which are largely manually driven. They are constantly bogged down dealing with never ending processing back-logs, including low turn-around in assessments, refunds, audit cases, appeals, rulings and so on. A large portion of the administration’s staff would be devoted to these low-value activities, which actually does not grow the revenue. The executive management of these administrations is well connected to the best-practices being adopted elsewhere, and understands the positive application to their own environment. They are challenged by the expected rate of change imposed on their agency, constantly battling the needs of Government to collect more and implement new policies quickly, at a lower operational cost. Taxpayers who demand the same levels of services they come to expect from the commercial sector Employees who are frustrated no having the revenue-agency tools to deliver superior services or for effective compliance enforcement. In this hast to modernize the tax agency often turns to automation and Information Technology as the savior and try to implement large amounts of innovation in a short period. As examples, interactive internet service, imaging for data capture, data warehouse, mobile audit workbench, IVR/CTI. All of these are essential IT enablers for the business; however, they often fall short of delivering the benefits in improving service and compliance enforcement in developing countries. The solution Lesson learnt elsewhere tell us that certain characteristics of an agency are central to support business innovation (new ways of doing business) using IT. Without these characteristics, the agency would cripple its efforts to modernize. These characteristics are: Having the building blocks for tax processing, Registration, Lodgment, Payment and Policing. High level of data quality Effective Change Management ability Building Blocks for Tax Processing The main functions of a tax administration, in dealing with taxpayers, aside from actual tax collection or sanctioning non-compliance, largely involve gathering and processing information. The four interrelated blocks are: Registration: Identify potential taxpayers and register taxpayers. Each taxpayer would be identified via a tax identification number and contact details are maintained. This information is core all business activities and imperative to maintain accurate and completed details. Lodgement: Capture, quickly process and record information to assist taxpayers in meeting their tax obligation. Non-lodgment needs to be managed [1] Developing The International Dialogue on Taxation, A Joint Proposal by the Staffs of the IMF, OECD and World Bank, 13 March 2002.

Importance of Electronic Marketing in Business Today

Importance of Electronic Marketing in Business Today MARKETING MIX AND ONLINE MARKETING: Marketing mix, commonly known as the four Ps namely Product, Price, Place and Promotion was first suggested by Jerome McCarthy (1960) and is a vital aspect for establishing and executing the marketing strategies. Let us view in detail the different elements of the marketing mix on the context of online marketing. Product: Online marketing can lead to the improvement of the products in a lot of ways. Online marketing pave the way for the market researchers to evaluate the customers need and the criticism from them can be used to change the existing products and develop new products. Tescos online shopping website records the repeated purchases of the customers, which they use later on to provide a customized list for fast purchasing. It also facilitates a chance to customize the products as per the consumers wants like www.nike.com who offers customized instructors just for clients. Price: This refers to the pricing policies of an organization which are adopted to determine the price for a product or service (Chaffey 2003). Baker et al. (2000) discovered two habits that have been used by the manufacturers while marketing their products online namely; Setting up a low price for the products by beginners. Following the existing price in the internet by the current companies. A benefit of usage of internet is that it helps to minimize the costs on search that shoppers would have to bear while searching for information about new products and services. It also makes the shopping more active as the famous auction site www.ebay.com which makes the users to bid the price for the products. Online marketing makes the transaction more transparent making it almost impossible for the suppliers to manipulate on cost. The customers can also view sites to know the best deals for a particular product like www.shopmart.com, www.easyshop.com etc. Place: The place element in marketing mix explains the way a product is distributed to its end consumer. Allen and Fjermestad (2001) say that the biggest implication created by the internet in the marketing mix is for the place. This is due to the world wide reach of the internet. Internet has opened before the organizations a new channel to make their products reach their customers, apart from the traditional way of sales helping to cut down the barriers between both the parties. The huge investment that has to be made in stores can be reduced with business taking place in a much realistic way. Entry of internet into the marketing mix has avoided the retailers or third parties between buyers and consumers making it more challenging for the existing online retailers to ensure on time logistics. Promotion: The promotion element of the marketing mix shows how marketing conversation is made within the customers and the stake holders about the company and their products (Chaffey 2003). It deals with exchanging information regarding a product or service to the target market. Burnett (1993) defines promotion as the marketing function concerned with persuasively communicating to target audiences the components of the marketing program in order to facilitate exchange. The main ingredients of promotion mix are Sales promotion Advertising Personnel selling Public relations Direct marketing The internet is nowadays being used as an effective tool for marketing communication. The internet made it available before the companies, yet another way of channel to communicate to the buyers about the product offerings. The idea of online marketing can vary the promotion mix in the following ways: Evaluating the way the internet can be used at various phases of the purchasing mode. Revising new ways of using the ingredients of the promotion mix. Applying promotional tools to serve in various phases of customer relationships like attaining visitors for the first time and retaining them as a regular visitor. While using internet as a tool for marketing, it become possible for the organization to send emails on proper authorization basis, containing information related to the products which makes it possible for the company to maintain a long term relationship with the buyers online. Online marketing and the marketing mix picture: page 267 foundations of marketing Reference used: McCarthy, J.(1960) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach. Irwin, Homewood, II Allen, E. and Fjermestad, J. (2001) E-commerce marketing strategies: a famework and case analysis, Logistics Information Management 14(1/2) 14-23. McCarthy, J. (1960) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Appraoch. Irwin, Homewood, II Burnett, J,(1993) Promotional Management, Houghton Mifflin, Boston Baker, W., Marn, M. and Zawada, C. (2000) Price smarter on the Net, Harvard Business Rview, February, 2-7. Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Kevin, J. and Chadwick, F.C. (2003) Internet Marketing IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRONIC MARKETING IN BUSINESS TODAY The requirements and wants of the consumers can be better understood, by knowing more about the consumers and also analyzing ways of providing their needs. This will essentially help in convincing the consumers or buyers requirements, earlier than your opponent. The information curve of the marketers can be enhanced based on the growing information of the customers. It is highly significant to deliver the correct goods and products to the consumers with precision, in order for the consumers to be satisfied. By establishing the principle of adding value to the services of every consumers or buyers, the marketers can be warned in advance of the ineffective and expensive competitive approach which can be achieved by the usage of electronic marketing. A superior and higher conventional product status and equity of the companys manufactured goods and services can be obtained, by adding high value to the manufactured goods. A good or bad opinion of the companys adopted strategies or action s achieved, can be obtained by setting off a workers criticism system. The usage of electronic marketing or existing communication schemes can help to improve such circumstances. The usage of online marketing can be limited to the following listed business conditions. An instance of the usage of online marketing is in the Company communications, A cheap and extensive, method of communication is the E-mail. It is a easy and lasting medium. It is used to send messages to unite with people using an already listed names and addresses. It has been an ever growing means of communication within the organization. Another fearful task that has been improved by online marketing is marketing research. The approaches used by the different companies can be examined, and the discussions with the companies can be preserved for discussions over a extensive phase of time. Another business condition where online marketing can be utilized is marketing planning and sales support. It is possible for additional people to use this intermediate for advertising information. Online marketing is also used in another situation productivity innovations. The usage of the electronic medium helps the sales personnels, as it speeds up the answers to the consumers queries about the product particulars, stock levels etc. Online marketing and sales practice will be more useful to the business-to-business relations in the instant future. High confidence and prospects will be accepted by the customers since the business sections overlay the pathway. Electronic marketing can also be used in the scenario of Customer loyalty. The buying behavior of the consumers are tracked by the companies, for which in depth databases are created. Another business scenario where online marketing is utilized is globalised reach. So, international marketing can be obtained easily as internet helps to interconnect organizations. Online marketing is used for a organization to obtain competitive intelligence. It is useful for the competitors to analyze our market information using the World Wide Web, and vice-versa. Efficient cost utilization is obtained using online marketing methods. It is usually cost effective, even without including installation charges. Even with installation charges included, when contrasted with the customer advantages obtained, it is cot efficient. Controlling of partnering and logistics is easy through the use of online marketing methods. It is easy for people in organizations to connect through the usage of electronic marketing resources. Internal intranets, or extranets, and agreements or associations with organizations may come under the connection medium. Corporate recruitments are another sector utilizing online marketing resources. Workers, advisors, government papers, specialty trades or common contractors can be traced using the above mentioned method. [REEDY, J. SCHULLO, S., 2004] ONLINE MARKETING vs TRADITIONAL MARKETING The earlier forms of promotion can classified under traditional marketing. The various methods are radio, billboards, TV and posters. The other methods such as email marketing, banner promotions, all come under the online marketing. Difference lies in the purpose it is used for. Traditional marketing expands the market of the manufactured goods and services, which is an important aspect for the existence of the organization. The customers have the opportunity to react to the promotion, as online marketing is a way of direct marketing. In this method, the customers can react, which helps in raising ROI. Measurability is an additional aspect that distinguishes both forms of marketing. It is easy to trace the clients with the use of tools in online marketing, whereas traditional marketing has several problems, one being dependent on human memory. The SMEs also utilize the online marketing due to the huge ROI obtained from it. It is possible for them to change their operations, by calculating the start of their leads. [http://www.sabest.biz/blog/2010/03/online-marketing-vs-traditional-marketing.html] FUTURE OF ONLINE ELECTRONIC MARKETING RESOURCES It is possible for the e-marketer to support and develop the value chain processes of electronic commerce for each and every persons advantage, as a result of the physically powerful base of electronic marketing resources. Solid effort, a number of successes and a little failures may be engaged in this process. In order to obtain profits for all of the marketing processes, it is necessary for the e-marketer to demonstrate serious thinking talents of the tactical and planned market scheduling and also be able to employ the available methods of electronic marketing effectively. The complex methods of electronic marketing is utilized in order to create value-added services, which produce results that are unthinkable in structure, even though a variety of electronic means are available to use. On the other hand, in order to get an explanation, it is necessary to estimate the present situations. A total of four aspects or issues are given below by which the electronic marketing may be affected by or may affect, which have been obtained by considering and arranging all the sustaining and contradicting data in an order: Development of technology Growth of the existing software The accomplishments achieved by combining Internet achievements The motivating force required by the marketers to provide better service to their consumers With the help of electronic marketing, a number of advantages can be obtained which include providing a means of communication between the e-marketers and the customers of the organization, as possible in a small sized business. It is required for the e-marketer to prepare and train well, as a variety of advantages are obtained by employing electronic marketing. Business Web Sites: B2C, B2B, C2C The sites which sell or market products and services even if it is the order takers or others who are more person-oriented mainly include in Web categories which are business to business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C) or Consumer to Consumer (C2C). Some sells to both consumers and businesses. (Internet Marketing by Barbara G. Cox and William Koelzer). BUSINESS TO CONSUMER SITES (B2C) The sites of B2C are more familiar to the public who uses the internet. In most of the industry, they market goods and services to the consumers. There are many stores such as department; clothing, electronics, food etc have their Web sites to sell the products. These sites dont have a store like buildings. They only sell their products through the internet. But not all these sites sell through online itself, the consumer buy their products from office, local store or even by telephone. The examples of B2C sites are amazon.com (books and other related products), staples.com (office supplies) etc. The online shopping is getting higher due to the increase in computer consumption in households. BUSINESS TO BUSINESS SITES (B2B) The market of B2B is increasing in an amazing rate. On the basis of Jupiter Research, the companies around the world will hike up their expenditure on B2B. As per the aggressive estimation of Goldman Sach, the worldwide spending through B2B will reach high rates in the coming years and he assumes that 80% of B2B worldwide commerce will be held online around the next 20 years. On the basis of Active Media Research, the majority of B2B sites are created for double purpose that is to sell both the products and services directly or indirectly around 98% of sites, 73% of them gives information. The main aim of making sales of the 77% of sites is by making an offline contact with the customers. CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C) Majority of the Consumer to Consumer sales occurs through auction sites. In a survey conducted by Harris Interactive where The National Consumers League was the sponsor, it was found that the bidders of online auction of 83% had purchased things in the online auction. According to the report, 75% of the buyers have pay out average of $100 or less and the 21% have payed amount between $100 and $500. So in auction sites, the sellers will post their things to sell and their items will be bided by the customers. And the highest of those customers bids wins the thing which is for sale believing that the bid will meet a fixed minimum amount. A small amount of commission will be taken from the sellers bank account by the auction site if each of his item get sold. The buyers wont pay anything to the site. The best example for Consumer to Consumer site is E-bay. It is the biggest Consumer to Consumer auction site. E-bay has been a great model for the auction sites which are emerging now to help the businesses conduct e-commerce. Although eBay is generally a consumer to consumer service, the simplicity of this site is a great value of study for buying or selling the products in a Business to Business auction site by any business planning. In eBay, and many other auction sites the users will register and if they are planning to sell anything on the site, they can set up a way of payment, usually financial account or credit card that makes the funds transfer. The buyers will be able to analyse what they are looking for by entering the key words of any particular product in the search engine and the site will display products list for sale. The sellers will make the payment for listing and selling their products. Insertion fees will be charged by eBay generally around 25 cents and $2.00 wh ich will rely upon the opening bid, and a fee will be charged at the end of the auction which will be between 1.25 percent to 5 percent of the final selling price. The enhancements like featured placement or bold font will also be charged as an extra fees (Internet Marketing by Barbara G. Cox and William Koelzer). Benefits of Online Marketing [http://www.wisdomportal.com/Books/OnlineMarketing.html] [http://marketing.about.com/od/internetmarketingstrategy/a/marketingonline.htm] Benefits gained by the Consumers:ÂÂ   (1) Appropriate- customers can buy anything on their will for 24 hours without communication with the store physically. 2) Cooperative Instant-the buyers can get the information of the products they are interested in, from the sellers site and then download those instantaneously. Benefits gained by the Marketers:ÂÂ   (1) Increasing the relationship between the customers- The organizations can communicate with the customers to have a detailed knowledge about their needs and hence building customer databases. (2) Reduction in the costs and enhancing efficiency- Avoid the costs involved in building a store, amount for rents, insurance and amenities. Digital catalogs are way lesser than the printing paper catalogs. (3) Improved flexibility- For a paper catalog, its products and values are constant till the next printing takes place whereas an online catalog can be modified on a daily basis or also hourly, considering the products ease of use, its amount, and advertisings, to get along with the fluctuating market conditions. (4) Access to Global Markets- The Internet is an accepted medium by the whole world, which helps the consumers and sellers to be linked within any countries in mere seconds. Four Methods to Exhibit Online Marketing:ÂÂ   (1) Building an Electronic Storefront- Companies can be allotted an area by the online service or can create a new Website on their own wish. These sites help in creating a communication between the customers which helps them to be more close to a purchase. (2) Introducing Ads Online- Companies can create ads online in three methods: (a) First one being, the classified ads in the significant areas of high class online services. (b) Ads displayed in Internet news which are meant for commercial usage. (c) Purchase the online ads that come up while browsing the net like the pop- up windows. (3) Taking part in meetings, newsgroups, or communities posted by the web which are interesting for certain groups. (4) Usage of Online E-mail or Webcasting- Companies can provide newsletters provided by the customers, or advertising options depending on the history of the customers who are purchasing. Through Webcasting, matters relating the customers interest can be delivered. ONLINE MARKETING [http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/define-online-marketing.html ] Marketing online delivers the message of spreading marketing budget for a majority of companies. Online marketing produces many more advantageous solutions when compared to out-dated and offline marketing. In other words this can be termed as Internet marketing or web marketing. This method is adopted by those companies where goods are sold to the customers directly including those who are involved in a business to business model. Benefits of Online marketing Modifications on the fly: When compared to offline marketing, online marketing can place olden advertisements in newspapers or on TV and this can be modified on the fly. By following up with the advertisements, it is possible to make any no. of changes to the graphics or letterings which would not create any issues. But this cannot be done in the traditional method of marketing and advertising. Ability to track real-time results: While marketing online, tracking of real- time results is possible by the use of online analytics so that it is possible to know whether the marketing is carrying out. Certain methods exist to track the traditional methods, but many at times cannot be done in real- time. This can either create a good will or a bad one to the campaign. Focusing demographics in the advertising: With marketing online, particular demographics such as age, gender and location can be given importance. It is also possible to focus on the variations in income and education. This can be done in traditional marketing also but it is not an easy job. Various methods in marketing online: There exists variety of ways to exhibit online marketing like the email social media and newsletters. To do the same in traditional marketing, many media sources need to be available. Immediate ability to convert: While marketing online, it is capable of converting a buyer immediately. But this cannot be done in traditional marketing. When marketing online, it is not only capable of achieving the information of a customer, but also able to achieve the sale on the spot, while in offline marketing this procedure takes a much longer time. The most focused areas in the online marketing are: [http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/define-online-marketing.html] Associate Marketing: In this kind of marketing, the organization appoints an associate to improve and enhance their products. The associate in turn receives a commission or similar grants for each and every sale. Amazon.com Associates Central is an example that can be provided for anassociate marketing program, where the Amazon.com helps the owners of the website to bring in crowd to its site. Exhibit Advertising: In this type, they usually use the web banners on a third-party website to create traffic to their own website and enhance the awareness of the product. Email Marketing: Businesses that makes use of this type of marketing create promotional emails to impress the customers. But, it is a very tough job to differentiate the spam and the original email. Interactive Advertising: This sort of advertising makes use of animations and various other graphic involved methods, to produce ads which makes the viewers excited and involves their participation. Search Engine Marketing: Certain techniques that are used under this are- Search Engine Optimization (SEO), and paid inclusion. The companies adopting these techniques become prominent in the search engine page results from Google. Viral Marketing: With this kind of marketing, businesses expect the people to convey the informations achieved about the products. Those sites which allow the viewers to email hilarious clips is an example of viral marketing.

Motherhood in Barbara Kingsolvers The Bean Trees :: Kingsolver Bean Trees Essays

Motherhood in The Bean Trees In the novel, The Bean Trees, by Barbara Kingsolver, we watch as Taylor grows a great deal. This young woman takes on a huge commitment of caring for a child that doesn't even belong to her. The friends that she acquired along the way help teach her about love and responsibility, and those friends become family to her and Turtle. Having no experience in motherhood, she muddles through the best she can, as all mothers do. Marietta was raised in a small town in Kentucky. When she became an adult, she decided she needed a change. She wanted a different name and a different place to call home. She got in her Volkswagon, started driving, and on this journey she changed her name to Taylor. A stranger gave her a three year old Indian child to take care of, who she names Turtle. The two finally settle down in Tucson, where they live with a single mom who is also from a small town in Kentucky. Taylor works for a woman who hides political refugees in her home, and Taylor becomes good friends with two of them. These two refugees act as Turtle's parents and sign over custody to Taylor, so that Turtle could become her daughter legally. Taylor was very unsure about whether or not she would be a good mom, but in the end she realizes that Turtle belongs with her, and that Tucson is home. The first half of The Bean Trees was hard to stay interested in. Although the book had a lot of action, it could have been spread out more. It wasn't until the middle of the book that we found out what was medically wrong with Turtle, why she was so lethargic. Considering this child was such a major part of Taylor's life, and would change her future completely, she was not talked about as much as she could have been. It's like half the time she forgot Turtle was there. "It's funny how people don't give that much thought to what kids want, as long as they're being quiet"(280). I understand that Turtle was just dropped in Taylor's lap, but I still think Turtle deserved to have more attention given to her than she did. I would have liked Turtle to have been the child that was taken from the refugees, the refugee woman showed her so much love.

how the stock market crashed Essay -- essays research papers

Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth, banking problem, industrial power houses and agricultural depression which ultimately lead to the infamous Stock Market Crash of 1929. The â€Å"roaring twenties† was an era when our country prospered greatly. The rapid increase in industrialization was fueling growth in the economy, and technology improvements had the leading economists living that the uprise would continue. During this boom period, wages increased along with consumer spending and stock prices began to rise as well. Billions of dollars were invested in the stock market as people began speculation on the rising stock prices and buying on margin.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Thursday, October 24, 1929, the bottom began to fall out. Prices dropped continually as more and more investors tried to sell their holdings. By the end of the day, the New York Stock Exchange had lost four billion dollars, and it took the exchange clerks until five o’clock in the morning the next day to clear all the transactions (Hicks 9) Following Monday the realization of what had happened began to sink in, and a full-blown panic set in. Thousands of investors-- many of them ordinary working people, not serious â€Å"players -- were financially ruined. by the end of the year stock values had dropped by fifteen billion dollars (McElvaine 45).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the banks which had speculated heavily with their deposits were wiped out by the falling prices, and these bank failures sparked run on the banking system. Each failed bank, factory, business, and investor contributed to the downward spiral that would drag the world into the Great Depression (Hicks 22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the â€Å"roaring twenties† which is commonly known as the Jazz Age, their was an obvious attitude that was for living for the moment. â€Å"Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away form international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism. The emphasis was on getting rich and enjoying new fads, new inventions and new ideas. (Hiebert 73). The traditional values of rural America were being challenged by the infamous Jazz Age, what symbolized what is shock... ...et into a speculative pyramid game, in which most of the money invested in the market wasn’t actually there.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The car industry was the force behind many other booming industries during this time. In 1928, their were over 21 million cars on the road that adds up to one car for every six Americans (Hicks 114). Steel, nickel, lead and other metal industries prospered with 15% of its products going to the automobile industry ( Hicks 114). Rubber, petroleum, textile and leather companies were effected greatly by the car industry too. The automotive industry effected construction as well. the car had been essential to the urbanization of the country , because so many other industries relied upon it. With this rapid urbanization came the need to build many more factories, homes, offices and stores. From 1919 to 1928 the construction industry grew from a mere 2.5 billion dollars to 5billion dollars (Hicks 115).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Radio industry also prospered during

Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago Essay

Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago In this day and time the world is heavily concerned with political and social corrective ness, thus everyone is catered too and no money changes hands. The idea and arguments of paying reparations to the descendants of slaves has been in the American media and courthouses since the English barrister James Grahame published a groundbreaking book in 1850 setting the first claim for reparations in the United States. It is no surprise that these allegations arose so soon after the abolishing of slavery at the culmination of the Civil War. Free blacks and enslaved blacks are accredited with building a nation on their backs, that is not so; America was built on the backs of the heroic men who served in the American Revolution and the victorious soldiers who reconciled a broken country after the Civil War. Reparations cannot be paid to those whom it is not owed. America has been heavily criticized for quietly supporting slavery in the North and celebrating the institution of slavery in the South. It seems quite puzzling as to why reparations are so sought after by African Americans in the country, when none of them are direct descendants of those who were enslaved. African Americans have been so bold to even bring forth allegations against nations in Europe for starting and profiting from the slave trade as well as the colonization of Africa, it we as a civilized people did our homework we would find that it was capitalistic tribes of Africa who staged the capturing of the slaves thus setting the wheels of slavery in motion. This is the main reason why America can not and will not be charged with the heinous act of paying billions of tax dollars to non-existent sl... ...just settlement of emotional, physical, mental, or financial debt. As John Carroll fervently proclaims â€Å"I didn’t do it! My ancestors didn’t do it! The people who did it are dead now.† Slavery is a worldwide epidemic, it has been passed down through time, so Judge Halbert I declare that you vehemently clear America, the West, the nations of Eastern Europe, and Christians clear of any wrongdoing in saving the slaves from a life of darkness and sin. WE HAVE PAID OUT DEBT’S IN FULL! Works Cited Page Brooks, Raymond L. â€Å"Paying for Past Sins†: Taking Sides. 16 June 2002.

Parents Need Help Essay

In today’s society parents are faced with a critical parenting question that was not necessary 20 years ago; which video games should I let my children play? Parenting is tough enough without having to deal with a child that gets upset because he cannot play a certain video game that all of his friends are playing. The values that children are raised to believe in are those of their parents, not those of the city, state or country they live in, and those family values are the most important values a child will learn. Some very influential people in our society believe that the government should be able to dictate what a child is or is not allowed to play or watch. Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich believes that â€Å"Parenting is hard work and the state has a compelling interest in helping parents raise their children to be upstanding men and women. † (Whitehead, 2005). Some studies show that these violent and sexually explicit video games provide â€Å"harmful effects ranging from health problems to violent behavior. † (Rutgers University Law – Newark, 2012). The completed studies and comments from government officials have very informative information and hard evidence to support their statement of â€Å"Parents Need Help†. As detailed in many articles and polls, one of the major problems with parents allowing their child to play violent or sexually explicit video games is covered in a 2013 Harris Poll. â€Å"The findings underscore the lack of awareness Americans have about the video game rating system, as well as confusion in the market†, said Mike de Vere, President of Harris Poll. PRNewswire, 2013). If parents took the time to understand the video game rating system like they understand a movie rating, they would be better informed as to what each game consist of. Parents have no problem letting a young child watch an â€Å"R† rated movie that shows violence and sexual activity, but if that same child is showing violent tendencies or sexual behaviors they are quick to blame video games for the behavior. Many American children spend a large amount of time playing video games. As a parent, you may be confused as to whether these games are beneficial or not† (http://www. thefreelibrary. com, 2008). If a parent takes the time to review what each of the video game ratings are and what material will be in the video games along with reemphasizing family values there would be less political emphasis on parenting. There has been violent and sexual behavior from children in a ysfunctional and functional home, but if a parent takes the time to ensure their child understands the difference between fiction (video games), reality (everyday life) and monitors their child’s behavior less of these violent outburst would occur. Movies provide the same access to violence and sexual behavior as video games do but there is no political agenda to ban movies that have a less restrictive rating system than video games. Parents need help restoring parental rights and help in stopping the government from taking over their parenting rights. When the government moves in and takes charge of everything that we as citizens can and cannot do, it provides today’s children with the authority to disobey their parents because the government said something different. If the government wants to help, then they should start applying stricter fines on the video game manufacturers and the stores which sell the video games. Threatening them with a fine and not imposing that fine when a manufacturer or retail store provides content to a minor, is allowing them to continue to profit off of children. Impose the fines and make it a stringent fine, at which point manufacturers and retailers would start adhering to the video game restrictions and responsibility would fall back to the parents of which games their children play. In closing, government officials should concentrate on raising their children and guiding our country instead of worrying about how each individual raises their children. Acts of violence and sexual behavior will still occur whether children are playing video games or not; they see it every day on television shows, cartoons, movies and in the news. Parents need to be more vigilant in monitoring what their children are doing, watching, and playing as well as ensuring that your family morals and values are upheld by each member of the family. If we do not accept the role of a parent then we cannot complain when the government decides what we as a society can and cannot do.

Hrm and Ir

Introduction â€Å"Human Resources Management† and â€Å"Industrial relations† has different concepts about the determination and functions of the both spheres. The essay deliberates the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. Definitions of terms HRM and IR will be identified through the review of the origin and development of these two areas. Moreover, I have pointed out the theoretical scope of the two subjects and key features of HRM and IR.Finally, there is comparison and contrast between given subjects through the historical retrospective and paper review. Definition of Industrial Relations Why don’t we mention the fact that Industrial Relations have become a subject of scientific analysis since the end of the nineteenth century, when Sidney and Beatrice Webb (1984) couple published their studies of the regulation of employment in Britain. According to Dale Yoder,† industria l relations† describe â€Å"relationships between managements and employees or among employees and their organisations that characterise or grow out of employment. The study of industrial relations may therefore be described as a study of the institutions of job regulation† – suggested Flanders (1965, 10). It is prevailed for a time is beyond satisfaction of the academic study at present. â€Å"The view that IR is the study of processes of control over work relations, and among these processes, those involving collective worker organization and action are of particular concern is more adaptable to generalise specific and precisely for the subject†. Hyman, 1975) Definition of Human Resource Management Progression of the Human relations movement in the USA was the key point of the HRM terminology’s emergency. There have been a large amount of published studies investigating the definition of HRM in diverse standing and approaches, since the first Brit ish book on HRM published in the late 1980s, which was notably known as New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Storey 1989).Storey (1989) considers that HRM can be regarded as â€Å"set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning†. However, He determined HRM as a specific approach to employment management which aims to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of culture, structural and personnel techniques, which is a comprehensive understanding of HRM. Storey (2007).Sisson (1990) sees HRM of four aspects of employment practice: an integration of HR policies with business planning; a shift in responsibility for HR issues form personnel specialists to line managers; a shift from the collectivism of management and, finally, an emphasis on commitment has further understanding of HRM. Ackers (2003) provided a general term on the definition of HRM, à ¢â‚¬Å"HRM refers to all those activities associated with the management of work and people in firms and in other formal organisations†.Basic Research Interest of Human Resource Management The emergence of courses and models in HRM in universities and colleges is related to the fact that two influential journals, Human Resource Management Journal, edited by Keith Sisson at Warwick University, the International Journal of Human Resource Management, edited by Michael Poole at Cardiff were launched in 1990. The amount of literature was increased. Among these papers two appreciable theories is predominant leading, Fombrun et al (1984) matching model and the Harvard framework.Matching model focused on the connection between organizational strategy and HRM, in the meanwhile Frombrun et al divided HRM into four integral parts – selection, development, appraisal and reward stressing the significance of efficiency of work performance enhancement. (Marchington, 2005) On the other hand, the Harvard framework (Beer et al, 1985) involve six basic components with a broader expand from the inside out , that is, situational factors, stakeholder interests, policy choices, outcomes, long-term consequences and a feedback loop.However, neither of the models pays close attention to the respects of employment relationship. John Storey’s (2007) model is worth considering framework in HRM studies. Four key elements are summarized as foundational structure of HRM, that is beliefs and assumptions, strategic qualities, critical role of managers and key levers which activate HRM as an essentially tool and techniques for use by practitioners. However, currently HR changes and extends its functions beyond simple administration and personnel management.This area is becoming one of the strategic and reactive activity in the management of both organizations and other bodies. Basic Theory of Industrial Relations Colling et al (2010) comment that â€Å"Academic industrial re lations is now outdated† either the problem of the â€Å"human factor† in work have all been solved, or they are better addressed by new approaches such as â€Å"human resource management† or â€Å"organisational behaviour†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, however, in the statement by the British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA), they strongly disagree the claim. BUIRA) During the initiative academic research in IR, predominant focus upon collective institutions and processes which embody trade unions, collective bargaining and strikes are the mainstream scope of IR study. Compared with the origin IR, modern IR emphasized on the experience of work, both individual and collective, and with all sources of the rules that govern the employment relationship. Therefore, IR was widely regarded as having two major subdivisions within it.The first dealt with the management of labour, the second with collective bargaining and methods of workforce governance (Russell Sa ge Foundation, 1919). It should be pointed out, that industrial relations today are in â€Å"crisis†. In academia, its traditional positions are threatened on one side by the dominance of mainstream economics and organizational behaviour, and on the other by postmodernism. The importance of work, however, is stronger than ever, and the lessons of industrial relations remain vital. Purcell) Comparison and contrast of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations The interrelation between HRM and IR is complicated. From the one sight, HRM was considered as one of the branch of IR in the early 1960s for majority of scientists, then in modern conditions HRM has largely been regarded as a separate subject underlying distinguish perspectives and divergent points of the field. However, HRM and IR do have some parallels and common ground in employment issues, concerns about personnel and departments and humane labour.From the above, it can be concluded that to a large extent HRM has an â€Å"inside† view of the problem according to the employment, highlighting and labour issues. While IR takes an â€Å"external† prospective with an emphasis on workers and communities. The purpose and functions are not one and the same for the two spheres. The main purpose of personnel management is an organizational effectiveness using an instrumental approach to the promotion of employees nd interest. As for the IR, the goal â€Å"is a combination of organizational performance and employee well-being, as well as the workers’ interest priorities. Generally, IR provides a multi-layer discernment of employment relationships and interconnections between the workplace, the company, the sector, the national regulatory framework in the light of multi-disciplinary approach involving sociology, political science, economics, history and law.HR assumes conflict not inevitable and can be minimized by management; IR sees conflicts as inevitable requiring third-pa rty intervention. HRM and IR are distinguished in various respects with different standpoints and approaches. (Sisson) Frequently, HRM teaching accepts management’s objectives uncritically, concentrates on activities at company level without exploring the societal and institutional environment, and has its disciplinary basis primarily in psychology and organizational sociology rather than the social sciences more broadly.Despite of the inevitable irreconcilable antagonisms between the two subjects, there is a closely link of HR and IR providing a complementary foundation of the exchange and development of the employment issues. (Ackers) Conclusion The essay discusses the definition of HRM and IR and significant features in academic fields largely through an historical analysis of the two fields’ respective origins and development. HRM and IR fields are distinguished by numerous differences in their approach to research and practice. ReferenceAckers, P. and Willkinson, A. 2003. Understanding Work and Employment, Oxford University Press Bach, S(ed), 2005, Managing Human Resources, 4th edition, Balckwell Publishing Boxall, P and Purcell, J, 2008, Strategy and HRM, 2nd edition, Palgrave Bruce E. K, 2001,Human resources and industrial relations Commonalities and differences, Human Resource Review, 11(2001) 339-374 BUIRA 2008. What’s the point of Industrial Relations? A statement by the British Universities Industrial Relations Association Colling, T. and Terry, M. 2010. Work , the employment relationship and the field of Industrial Relations’, in Colling, T and Terry, M (eds), Industrial Relations: theory and practice (3rd ed), Chinchester:Wiley, 3-25 Guest, D. (1987) ‘Human resource management and industrial relations’, Journal of Management Studies, 24(5), September: 503-521 Hyman, R. 1975. A Marxist Introduction to Industrial Relations. Basingsotoke: MacMillan. Paul Edwards edit , Industrial Relations Theory & Practice in Britain, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1995 Marchington. M and Wikinson. A, 2005, Human Resource at work, 3th editon, CIPD, London Miller, P. 1987) ‘Strategic industrial relations and human resource management – distinction, definition and recognition’, Journal of Management Studies, 24(4) July:347-361 Sisson, K. (1990) ‘Introducing the Human Resource Management Journal’, Human Resource Management Journal, 1(1):1-11 Sisson K. â€Å"In Search of HRM†, op. cit. at 209 Strorey, J(ed), 2007, HRM : A critical text. 3rd edition, Routledge Redman, T . Wilkinson. A, 2001, Contemporary Human Resource Management, Financial Times Yoder Dale, 1948, Personnel Management and Industrial Relations. 3rd edition, New York, Prentice-Hall,Inc.